Grammar 22: El pretérito perfecto (Present Perfect). El participio pasado
Present Perfect = to have + participio pasado
- El participio pasado de un verbo regular se forma añadiendo 'ed' o 'd' al infinitivo: finished, decided, stopped, arrived, asked
- Si es un verbo irregular, hay que conocerlo: eaten, sold, bought, said, sent
Present Perfect = I have finished. You have eaten
| afirmativo | negativo | ||||
| I | have | finished | I | have | not finished |
| You | You | ||||
| He | has | He | has | ||
| She | She | ||||
| It | It | ||||
| We | have | We | have | ||
| You | You | ||||
| They | They | ||||
| interrogativo | interrogativo negativo | ||||
| Have | I | finished? | Have | I | not finished? |
| You | You | ||||
| Has | He | Has | He | ||
| She | She | ||||
| It | It | ||||
| Have | We | Have | We | ||
| You | You | ||||
| They | They | ||||
- 'Have not' y 'has not' suelen contraerse en haven't y hasn't
- Have you not = haven't you? ; Has he not? = hasn't he?
- El Present Perfect no se usa con adverbio o frase adverbial que indique pasado, sólo que indique presente: I have seen him. I have seen him today.
- Para referirte al pasado, diríamos: I saw him yesterday
- El tiempo verbal se puede modificar con 'just': I have just asked. He has just sold it. They have just bought it. We have just arrived
- Con palabras como 'for' y 'since', este tiempo se traduce en español por presente
I have lived here for five years | I have lived here since 1971 - La traducción varía sin esas partículas: I have lived here
- Estas oraciones se construyen normalmente con un verbo 'ing', después del participio pasado:
I have been living here for five years | I have been living here since 1971 | He has been in Madrid for two weeks | They have been speaking since two o'clock | We have been working here for a month | She has been swimming since half past three
To have + complemento + participio pasado
Con el participio pasado de un verbo y el verbo to have, se forma el siguiente modelo de oración. Este modelo estructural se usa cuando uno mismo no hace la acción, sino que otra persona la hace.
I want to have my room painted | Yesterday I had my hair cut
| I'm going to have a suit made | He wants to have his shoes polished
Obsérvese la diferencia: I have washed my shirt | I have my shirt washed
Vocabulario
carved | cross | impressive | polish | swum | yet
Expresions
We would like | One-day excursions | How far is...? | What is there to be seen?
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Lesson 22 | Video Mister Duncan: 22 | Song 22 | Grammar 22
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